![]() Here specialist flatland pa with an integrated range of defensive gunfighter pits, underground bunkers and tunnels to protect against British muskets, cannon and explosive artillery, suddenly appear fully formed in the archaeological record. However, the first clear historic evidence of Māori defensive gunfighter pa appears over 20 years later at the Ohaeawai and Ruapekapeka Northern Wars battlefields. This is well documented in the 1820s during the period of intertribal fighting known as the 'Musket Wars'. Archaeologist Dr James Robinson will present a talk exploring how the Māori defensive gunfighter pa evolved in Ōhaeawai and Ruapekapeka during the 1840s.įollowing the Ngapuhi rangatira Hongi Hika’s return from England to Aotearoa with 200 muskets in 1820, the process of learning how to use muskets as an effective means of attack began. ![]()
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